Name: Shaykh Sadouq’s Chains of Hadith Transmitters
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About Shaykh Sadouq’s Chains of Hadith Transmitters

Encyclopedia of the Isnād Chains in the Works of al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq

The primary research activity of the "Rijāl" team has been conducted within the domain of "Special Isnād Types," aiming to familiarize users with the characteristics of these chains. A brief explanation is provided below. The Special Isnād Types include: Conjunctive Chains (al-Isnād al-ʿAṭfī) Transitional Chains (al-Isnād al-Taḥwīlī) Elliptical Chains (al-Isnād al-Taʿlīqī) Chains Containing Pronouns (al-Isnād al-Mushtamm bil-Ḍamīr) Referential Chains (al-Isnād al-Ishārī) Supplementary Chains (al-Isnād al-Tadhīlī) Although Natural Language Processing (NLP) in the field of ʿIlm al-Rijāl (Science of Narrators) is highly challenging, it is relatively more feasible due to the technical and specialized nature of the terminology. This specificity simplifies the disambiguation of homonymous terms compared to general natural language. Despite the existence of numerous knowledge representation techniques, we present here for the first time an innovative method for modeling and visualizing knowledge within the category of "Special Isnād Types," as follows: 1. Conjunctive Chains (al-Isnād al-ʿAṭfī) A chain in which a conjunction (e.g., "wa" – "and") is used. This type is divided into two categories: 1.1 Ordinary Conjunction A single narrator (one generational layer) is conjoined to another single narrator (one layer). In such chains, the original isnād is split into two or more distinct chains, with the conjunction point marked as "Ordinary Conjunction." Note: In all sections of this program, the term "Conjunctive Chain" refers exclusively to this type unless otherwise specified. 1.2 Extraordinary Conjunction Other forms of conjunction that are termed "transitional" or "hiyala" (circumstantial shifts). Remark: Another form of conjunction appears in some chains, where the particle "أو" (or) is used instead of "و" (and). This is termed a "Dubitative Conjunction." In such cases, the chain is split into two or more chains and marked with "Dubitative Conjunction." 2. Transitional Chains (al-Isnād al-Taḥwīlī) A subtype of conjunctive chain where the conjunction is not ordinary; instead of linking one layer to one layer, it links multiple layers to multiple layers (e.g., two narrators to two others). This is termed a "Transitional Chain." Such chains are decomposed into two or more simple chains. Expressions like "jamīʿan" (all together) or "kulluhum" (all of them) are removed, and each decomposed chain is prefixed with the label "Transition." Further Explanation: In transitional chains, the number of layers in the conjoined and conjoined-upon segments is usually equal (e.g., two on two), though occasionally they may differ. Caution! A single chain may contain multiple conjunctions, which may all be of the same type (e.g., all ordinary or all transitional), or a mixture of both. Remark: Occasionally, the conjunction "أو" (or) is used instead of "و" (and) in transitional chains; this is labeled a "Dubitative Transition." 3. Elliptical Chains (al-Isnād al-Taʿlīqī) This refers to the omission of one or more narrators from the beginning of the chain, without explicit reference to the omitted segment via phrases like "bi-hādhā al-isnād" (by this chain) or through pronouns. The omitted segment may be: Present in the preceding chain. Found in the shaykhiyya (teacher-student lineage) of the book or in an independent work (e.g., most ellipses in al-Faqīh [contextual legal references]). Not present anywhere. Note: In this program, "elliptical" refers only to the first case (unless otherwise specified). The omitted segment is added at the beginning of the chain, and the label "Ellipsis" is placed at the end of the restored segment. Thus, chains that are elliptical in the original text are treated as complete ("connected") in this program. Further Explanation: A chain may simultaneously be both elliptical and transitional. The transition may occur in the omitted part, the preserved part, or both. A single chain may contain multiple nested transitions alongside ellipsis. 4. Chains Containing Pronouns (al-Isnād al-Mushtamm bil-Ḍamīr) Sometimes a pronoun is used in place of a narrator’s name in the original chain. This occurs in two forms: "ordinary pronoun" and "extraordinary pronoun." In this program, every pronoun is resolved to its antecedent and marked in the original chain with "Ordinary Pronoun" or "Extraordinary Pronoun" (after the name that replaced the pronoun). Extraordinary Pronoun: A pronoun at the beginning of a chain that refers back to the middle of a preceding chain, or where there is a gap between the pronoun and its antecedent, is considered "extraordinary"—regardless of whether contextual clues exist within the chain or whether the antecedent could logically be the beginning of the prior chain. Caution! If a pronoun refers back to the middle of a prior chain, this implies an ellipsis has occurred, and the initial segment has been omitted based on the preceding chain. Further Explanation: A chain may contain both pronouns and transitions simultaneously. 5. Referential Chains (al-Isnād al-Ishārī) This involves the omission of the beginning of a chain based on prior chains, with reference made through phrases such as "bi-hādhā al-isnād" (by this chain). In this program, the omitted segment is added to the chain, and the restored portion is marked at its end with "Reference." Note: In this program, "reference" applies only when the omitted segment is found in prior (and occasionally subsequent) chains. If the omitted part is located in the shaykhiyya of al-Faqīh, we do not add it to the chain. 6. Supplementary Chains (al-Isnād al-Tadhīlī) Occasionally, at the end of a narration, reference is made to another transmission of the same report. In such cases, only the distinct segment of the chain is mentioned in the supplement, with phrases like "mithlahu" (similarly) indicating identity with the end of the original chain. In this program, we also append the final segment of the original chain to the supplementary chain and prefix it with the word "Supplement" to denote its nature.

Shaykh Sadouq’s Chains of Hadith Transmitters

Reconstruction and evaluation of documents, examining the connections among the reconstructed documents, the relationships between narrators possessing chains of transmission (isnād) within the documents, and so on.

A brief introduction Shaykh Sadouq’s Chains of Hadith Transmitters

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الأمالي للصدوق

التوحيد (للصدوق)

الخصال

ثواب الأعمال و عقاب الأعمال

علل الشرائع

عيون أخبار الرضا (ع)

فضائل الأشهر الثلاثة

كمال الدين

معاني الأخبار

من لايحضره الفقيه

About Shaykh Sadouq’s Chains of Hadith Transmitters

Encyclopedia of the Isnād Chains in the Works of al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq

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